财政部、卫生部关于对防治非典型肺炎卫生医务工作者给予工作补助的通知

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财政部、卫生部关于对防治非典型肺炎卫生医务工作者给予工作补助的通知

财政部、卫生部


财政部、卫生部关于对防治非典型肺炎卫生医务工作者给予工作补助的通知

2003年4月18日 〔2003〕财社明传2号

各省、自治区、直辖市财政厅(局)、卫生厅(局):
在与非典型肺炎做斗争的过程中,广大卫生医务工作者响应党中央、国务院号召,发扬无私奉献的革命精神和救死扶伤的人道主义精神,不顾个人安危,做出了重大贡献。为鼓励他们以对人民健康高度负责的精神,再接再厉做好非典型肺炎防治工作,决定对这次非典型肺炎防治工作者给予特殊临时性工作补助。现将有关问题通知如下:
一、对参加非典型肺炎防治工作的医务人员和防疫人员给予一定的补助,补助标准由各地卫生部门和财政部门共同制定并报同级人民政府批准后执行。
二、补助对象的范围主要包括在传染病院、综合病院和疾病预防控制中心参加非典型肺炎防治工作的第一线医务和防疫工作者。
三、待疫情解除后,此项补助停止执行。
四、对“非典”防治工作者的补助经费由同级财政给予补助。



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中华人民共和国邮政法(附英文)

全国人民代表大会


中华人民共和国主席令(六届第47号)

《中华人民共和国邮政法》已由中华人民共和国第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议于1986年12月2日通过,现予公布,自1987年1月1日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席 李先念
1986年12月2日


中华人民共和国邮政法

(1986年12月2日第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议通过 1986年12月2日中华人民共和国主席令第四十七号公布 自1987年1月1日起施行)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了保护通信自由和通信秘密,保障邮政工作的正常进行,促进邮政事业的发展,以适应社会主义建设和人民生活的需要,根据《中华人民共和国宪法》,制定本法。
第二条 国务院邮政主管部门管理全国邮政工作。
国务院邮政主管部门根据需要设立地区邮政管理机构,管理各该地区的邮政工作。
第三条 国务院邮政主管部门所属的邮政企业是全民所有制的经营邮政业务的公用企业。
邮政企业按照国务院邮政主管部门的规定设立经营邮政业务的分支机构。
第四条 通信自由和通信秘密受法律保护。除因国家安全或者追查刑事犯罪的需要,由公安机关、国家安全机关或者检察机关依照法律规定的程序对通信进行检查外,任何组织或者个人不得以任何理由侵犯他人的通信自由和通信秘密。
第五条 用户交寄的邮件、交汇的汇款和储蓄的存款受法律保护。除法律另有规定外,任何组织或者个人不得检查、扣留。
第六条 邮政企业应当为用户提供迅速、准确、安全、方便的邮政服务。
除法律另有规定外,邮政企业和邮政工作人员不得向任何组织或者个人提供用户使用邮政业务的情况。
第七条 邮件和汇款在未投交收件人、收款人之前,所有权属于寄件人或者汇款人。
第八条 信件和其他具有信件性质的物品的寄递业务由邮政企业专营,但是国务院另有规定的除外。
邮政企业根据需要可以委托其他单位或者个人代办邮政企业专营的业务。代办人员办理邮政业务时,适用本法关于邮政工作人员的规定。
第九条 任何单位或者个人不得伪造或者冒用邮政专用标志、邮政标志服和邮政专用品。
第二章 邮政企业的设置和邮政设施
第十条 邮政企业及其分支机构的设置标准,由国务院邮政主管部门规定。
第十一条 邮政企业应当在方便群众的地方设置分支机构、邮亭、报刊亭、邮筒等设施,或者进行流动服务。
城市居民楼应当设置住户接收邮件的信报箱。
在较大的车站、机场、港口和宾馆内,应当设有办理邮政业务的场所。
第三章 邮政业务的种类和资费
第十二条 邮政企业经营下列业务:
(一)国内和国际邮件寄递;
(二)国内报刊发行;
(三)邮政储蓄、邮政汇兑;
(四)国务院邮政主管部门规定的适合邮政企业经营的其他业务。
第十三条 邮政企业及其分支机构不得擅自停办国务院邮政主管部门和地区邮政管理机构规定的必须办理的邮政业务。
因不可抗力或者特殊原因,邮政企业及其分支机构需要暂时停止或者限制办理部分邮政业务,必须经国务院邮政主管部门或者地区邮政管理机构批准。
第十四条 邮政企业应当加强报刊发行工作。出版单位委托邮政企业发行报刊,应当与邮政企业订立发行合同。
第十五条 邮政业务的基本资费,由国务院物价主管部门制定,报国务院批准。非基本资费由国务院邮政主管部门规定。
第十六条 各类邮件资费的交付,以邮资凭证或者证明邮资已付的戳记表示。
第十七条 邮票、邮资信封、邮资明信片、邮资邮简等邮资凭证由国务院邮政主管部门发行,任何单位或者个人不得伪造。
仿印邮票图案的管理办法,由国务院邮政主管部门规定。
第十八条 售出的邮资凭证不得向邮政企业及其分支机构兑换现金。
停止使用的邮资凭证,由国务院邮政主管部门在停止使用前一个月公告并停止出售,持有人可以自公告之日起六个月内向邮政企业及其分支机构换取有效的邮资凭证。
第十九条 下列邮资凭证不得使用:
(一)经国务院邮政主管部门公告已经停止使用的;
(二)盖销或者划销的;
(三)污染、残缺或者褪色、变色,难以辨认的;
(四)从邮资信封、邮资明信片、邮资邮简上剪下的邮票图案。
第四章 邮件的寄递
第二十条 用户交寄邮件,必须遵守国务院有关主管部门关于禁止寄递物品、限量寄递物品的规定。
第二十一条 用户交寄除信件以外的其他邮件,应当交邮政企业或者其分支机构当面验视内件。拒绝验视的,不予收寄。
用户交寄的信件必须符合准寄内容的规定,必要时邮政企业及其分支机构有权要求用户取出进行验视。
第二十二条 邮政企业及其分支机构应当按照国务院邮政主管部门规定的时限投交邮件。
第二十三条 无法投递的邮件,应当退回寄件人。
无法投递又无法退回的信件,在国务院邮政主管部门规定的期限内无人认领的,由地区邮政管理机构负责销毁。
无法投递又无法退回的进口国际邮递物品,在国务院邮政主管部门规定的期限内无人认领的,由海关依法处理。
无法投递又无法退回的其他邮件的处理办法,由国务院邮政主管部门规定。
第二十四条 邮政汇款的收款人应当自收到汇款通知之日起两个月内凭有效证明到邮政企业或者其分支机构兑领汇款;逾期未领的汇款,由邮政企业或者其分支机构退回汇款人。自退汇通知投交汇款人之日起满十个月未被领回的汇款,上缴国库。
第二十五条 寄递邮件逐步实行邮政编码,具体办法由国务院邮政主管部门规定。
第五章 邮件的运输、验关和检疫
第二十六条 铁路、公路、水运、航空等运输单位均负有载运邮件的责任,保证邮件优先运出,并在运费上予以优惠。
第二十七条 邮政企业在车站、机场、港口转运邮件,有关运输单位应当统一安排装卸邮件的场所和出入通道。
第二十八条 带有邮政专用标志的邮政车船和邮政工作人员进出港口、通过渡口时,应当优先放行。带有邮政专用标志的邮政车辆需要通过禁行路线或者在禁止停车地段停车的,由有关主管部门核准通行、停车。
第二十九条 邮件通过海上运输时,不参与分摊共同海损。
第三十条 国际邮递物品未经海关查验放行,邮政企业不得寄递。国际邮袋出入境、开拆和封发,应当由海关监管。邮政企业应当将作业时间事先通知海关,海关应当按时派员到场监管查验。
第三十一条 依法应当施行卫生检疫或者动植物检疫的邮件,由检疫部门负责拣出并进行检疫;未经检疫部门许可,邮政企业不得运递。
第六章 损失赔偿
第三十二条 用户对交寄的给据邮件和交汇的汇款,可以在交寄或者交汇之日起一年内,持据向收寄、收汇的邮政企业或者其分支机构查询。邮政企业及其分支机构应当在国务院邮政主管部门规定的期限内将查询结果通知查询人。
查复期满无结果的,邮政企业应当先予赔偿或者采取补救措施。自赔偿之日起一年内,查明有本法第三十四条第(二)项和第(三)项情形之一的,邮政企业有权收回赔偿。
第三十三条 邮政企业对于给据邮件丢失、损毁、内件短少,依照下列规定赔偿或者采取补救措施:
(一)挂号信件,按照国务院邮政主管部门规定的金额赔偿。
(二)保价邮件,丢失或者全部损毁的,按照保价额赔偿;内件短少或者部分损毁的,按照保价额同邮件全部价值的比例对邮件实际损失予以赔偿。
(三)非保价邮包,按照邮包实际损失价值赔偿,但是最高不超过国务院邮政主管部门规定的限额。
(四)其他给据邮件,按照国务院邮政主管部门规定的办法赔偿或者采取补救措施。
第三十四条 有下列情形之一的,邮政企业不负赔偿责任:
(一)平常邮件的损失;
(二)由于用户的责任或者所寄物品本身的原因造成给据邮件损失的;
(三)除汇款和保价邮件以外的其他给据邮件由于不可抗力的原因造成损失的;
(四)用户自交寄给据邮件或者交汇汇款之日起满一年未查询又未提出赔偿要求的。
第三十五条 用户因损失赔偿同邮政企业发生争议的,可以要求邮政企业的上级主管部门处理,对处理不服的可以向人民法院起诉;也可以直接向人民法院起诉。
第七章 罚 则
第三十六条 隐匿、毁弃或者非法开拆他人信件,侵犯公民通信自由权利,情节严重的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百四十九条的规定追究刑事责任;尚不够刑事处罚的,依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》第二十二条的规定处罚。
第三十七条 邮政工作人员私自开拆或者隐匿、毁弃邮件的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百九十一条第一款的规定追究刑事责任。
犯前款罪而窃取财物的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百九十一条第二款的规定,按贪污罪从重处罚。
第三十八条 故意损毁邮筒等邮政公用设施,尚不够刑事处罚的,依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》第二十五条的规定处罚;情节严重的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百五十六条的规定追究刑事责任。
第三十九条 邮政工作人员拒不办理依法应当办理的邮政业务的,故意延误投递邮件的,给予行政处分。邮政工作人员玩忽职守,致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百八十七条的规定追究刑事责任。
第四十条 违反本法第八条规定,经营信件和其他具有信件性质的物品的寄递业务的,由工商行政管理部门责令其将收寄的信件和其他具有信件性质的物品及收取的资费退还寄件人,处以罚款。
当事人对处罚决定不服的,可以在接到处罚通知之日起十五日内向人民法院起诉;逾期不起诉又不履行的,由工商行政管理部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第八章 附 则
第四十一条 本法下列用语的含义是:
(一)邮件:指通过邮政企业寄递的信件、印刷品、邮包、汇款通知、报刊等。
(二)信件:指信函和明信片。
(三)平常邮件:指邮政企业及其分支机构在收寄时不出具收据,投递时不要求收件人签收的邮件。
(四)给据邮件:指挂号信件、邮包、保价邮件等由邮政企业及其分支机构在收寄时出具收据,投递时要求收件人签收的邮件。
(五)国际邮递物品:指中华人民共和国与其他国家和地区的用户相互寄递的印刷品和邮包。
(六)邮政专用品:指邮政日戳、邮政夹钳和邮袋。
第四十二条 中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的有关国际邮政事务的国际条约同本法有不同规定的,适用该国际条约的规定。但是,中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。
第四十三条 国务院邮政主管部门根据本法制定实施细则,报国务院批准施行。
第四十四条 本法自1987年1月1日起施行。






POSTAL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
POSTAL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Adopted at the 18th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 47 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on December 2, 1986, and
effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Establishment of Postal Enterprises and Postal Facilities
Chapter III Classification of Postal Businesses and Postal Rates
Chapter IV Posting and Delivery of Postal Materials
Chapter V Transportation, Customs Examination and Quarantine
Inspection of Postal Materials
Chapter VI Compensation for Losses
Chapter VII Penalty Provisions
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution of the People's
Republic of China, with a view to protecting freedom and privacy of
correspondence, ensuring normal progress of postal work, and promoting
development of postal services, so as to suit the needs of socialist
construction and the livelihood of the people.
Article 2
The competent department of postal services under the State Council shall
administer postal services throughout the country.
The competent department of postal services under the State Council shall
set up regional administrative organs of postal services as required to
administer postal services of each region.
Article 3
The postal enterprises attached to the competent department of postal
services under the State Council are public enterprises, owned by the
whole people, that operate postal businesses.
According to stipulations of the competent department of postal services
under the State Council, postal enterprises shall establish branch offices
that operate postal businesses
Article 4
Freedom and privacy of correspondence shall be protected by law. No
organization or individual shall infringe upon the freedom and privacy of
correspondence of other persons for any reason, except when the inspection
of correspondence in accordance with legal procedures by the public
security organ, the state security organ or the procuratorial organ is
necessary for the state's safety or the investigation of criminal offence.
Article 5
Postal materials handed in or posted, remittances made and savings
deposited by users shall be protected by law, and shall not be inspected
and withheld by any organization or individual except as otherwise
provided by law.
Article 6
Postal enterprises shall provide users with fast, accurate, safe and
convenient postal services.
Postal enterprises and postal staff shall not provide information to any
organization or individual about users' dealings with postal services
except as otherwise provided for by law.
Article 7
Postal materials and remittances shall be owned by senders and remitters
before they are delivered to recipients and remittees.
Article 8
Posting and delivery services of mail and other articles with
characteristics of mail shall be exclusively operated by postal
enterprises, except as otherwise provided by the State Council.
Postal enterprises may, according to needs, entrust other units or
individuals as agents to run businesses exclusively operated by postal
enterprises. The provisions on postal personnel specified in this Law
shall apply to agents when they handle postal businesses.
Article 9
No unit or individual shall produce false copies or make fraudulent use of
special postal marks, postal uniforms and special postal articles.

Chapter II Establishment of Postal Enterprises and Postal Faci- lities
Article 10
Standards for establishment of postal enterprises and their branch offices
shall be formulated by the competent department of postal services under
the State Council.
Article 11
Postal enterprises shall establish branch offices, postal kiosks,
newspaper and periodical stands, mailboxes, etc., in places convenient to
the masses, or provide mobile services. Residents' mailboxes for receiving
letters and newspapers shall be installed in residential buildings in
cities.
Places shall be provided for handling postal business in larger railway
stations, airports, ports and guest houses.

Chapter III Classification of Postal Businesses and Postal Rates
Article 12
Postal enterprises operate the following businesses:
(1) posting and delivery of domestic and international postal materials;
(2) distributing domestic newspapers and periodicals;
(3) postal savings and postal remittances; and
(4) other suitable businesses stipulated by the competent department of
postal services under the State Council.
Article 13
Postal enterprises and their branch offices shall not arbitrarily close
down postal businesses that must be handled according to the stipulations
made by the competent department of postal services under the State
Council and the regional administrative organ of postal services.
Owing to force majeure or special reasons, if postal enterprises and their
branch offices need to close down temporarily or restrict the handling of
some postal businesses, they must obtain approval of the competent
department of postal services under the State Council or of regional
postal administrative organs.
Article 14
Postal enterprises shall strengthen distribution work of newspapers and
periodicals. If publishing units entrust postal enterprises with
distribution of newspapers and periodicals, they must make distribution
contracts with postal enterprises.
Article 15
The basic postal rates of postal services shall be set by the competent
department in charge of pricing under the State Council and shall be
reported to the State Council for approval. Non-basic postal rates shall
be formulated by the competent department of postal services under the
State Council.
Article 16
The payment of postage on various postal materials shall be indicated by
postage certificates or by postmarks showing postage paid.
Article 17
Postage stamps, stamped envelopes, stamped postcards, stamped aerogrammes
and other postage certificates shall be issued by the competent department
of postal services under the State Council, and no unit or individual
shall be allowed to produce false copies. The administrative measures on
making facsimiles of stamp patterns shall be formulated by the competent
department of postal services under the State Council.
Article 18
Postage certificates sold shall not be cashed in postal enterprises or
their branch offices. Postage certificates to be withdrawn from
circulation shall be announced to the public, and sales will be stopped
one month in advance by the competent department of postal services under
the State Council. Holders of such postage certificates may exchange them
for valid postage certificates at postal enterprises and their branch
offices within six months from the date of the announcement.
Article 19
The following postage certificates shall not be used:
(1) those which the competent department of postal services under the
State Council has announced as withdrawn from usage;
(2) those that have been postmarked or cancelled;
(3) those that are contaminated, incomplete or illegible due to fading or
discolouring; and
(4) stamp patterns cut from stamped envelopes, stamped postcards and
stamped aerogrammes.

Chapter IV Posting and Delivery of Postal Materials
Article 20
In handing in or posting postal materials, users must abide by the
provisions formulated by the relevant competent department under the State
Council on articles forbidden to post or deliver and articles to be posted
or delivered in limited amounts.
Article 21
The contents of postal materials, other than letters, to be handed in or
posted by users, shall be checked on the spot by postal enterprises or
branch offices, and if such examination is refused, the postal material
shall not be accepted and posted. Mail handed in or posted by users must
be in line with the stipulations concerning the content allowed to be
posted; postal enterprises and their branch offices have the right to
request users to take out the contents for examination, when necessary.
Article 22
Postal enterprises and their branch offices shall deliver postal materials
within the time limits laid down by the competent department of postal
services under the State Council.
Article 23
Undeliverable postal materials shall be returned to the senders.
Mail that is both undeliverable and unreturnable, and unclaimed within the
time limit stipulated by the competent department of postal services under
the State Council, shall be destroyed on the authority of regional
administrative organs of postal services. Incoming international postal
articles that are undeliverable and unreturnable, and unclaimed within the
time limit stipulated by the competent department of postal offices under
the State Council, shall be handled by the Customs in accordance with the
law. Disposal measures for other undeliverable and unreturnable postal
materials shall be formulated by the competent department of postal
services under the State Council.
Article 24
The remittees of postal remittances shall cash the postal remittances with
valid documents at postal enterprises or branch offices within two months
of receiving notice of a postal remittance. Remittances unclaimed when the
time period expires shall be returned to the remitters by postal
enterprises or branch offices. Returned remittances which are unclaimed
for a period of ten months, counting from the date of delivering the
return-remittance notice to the remitter, shall be turned over to the
state treasury.
Article 25
In posting and delivering postal materials, postal codes shall be adopted
gradually, and specific pertinent measures shall be formulated by the
competent department of postal services under the State Council.

Chapter V Transportation, Customs Examination and Quarantine Ins- pection of Postal Materials
Article 26
Transportation units operating railways, highways, waterways and airlines
shall all have the responsibility of carrying and transporting postal
materials, and shall ensure priority to transporting postal materials at
preferential freight charges.
Article 27
When postal enterprises transfer postal materials in railway stations,
airports and ports, transportation units concerned shall make coordinated
arrangement of space and in-and-out passageways for loading and unloading
postal materials.
Article 28
Ships with special postal marks, postal vans and postal staff shall be
given priority in entering and departing ports and crossing on ferries.
Postal vehicles with special postal marks which need to pass through a
lane closed to traffic or to stop in no-parking sections of the road shall
be verified and approved by the competent department concerned for passing
or parking.
Article 29
When transported by sea, postal materials shall not be included in
arrangements for sharing common sea losses.
Article 30
Postal enterprises shall not post or deliver international postal articles
that are not examined and allowed to pass by the Customs. The Customs
shall supervise the entry and exit, opening, sealing and dispatching of
international mailbags. Postal enterprises shall inform the Customs of
their business hours in advance, and the Customs shall promptly send
officials to supervise on-the-spot checking and examination.
Article 31
Postal materials that are subject to health and quarantine inspections or
animal and plant quarantine inspections according to law shall be sorted
out and quarantined under the charge of quarantine offices; no
transportation and delivery shall be conducted by postal enterprises
without a permit from a quarantine office.

Chapter VI Compensation for Losses
Article 32
Users may present receipts and inquire, within one year counting from the
date of the posting or remitting, about vouchered postal materials and
remittances which they handed in for posting or remitting at the postal
enterprises or their branch offices that took in the postal materials or
accepted the remittances. Postal enterprises or branch offices shall
inform inquirers of the results of inquiry within the time limit set by
the competent department of postal services under the State Council.
If no result is found within the time limit for responding to the inquiry,
postal enterprises shall make compensation first or take remedial
measures. Within a year counting from the date of making such
compensation, if it is ascertained that the circumstance for which the
compensation was made conforms with either Item (2) or Item (3) of Article
34 of this Law, the postal enterprises shall have the right to recall the
compensation.
Article 33
For loss, damage, destruction or missing contents of vouchered postal
materials, postal enterprises shall make compensation or take remedial
measures according to the following stipulations:
(1) For registered mail, compensation shall be made according to standard
amounts formulated by the competent department of postal services under
the State Council.
(2) For insured postal materials which are lost or totally damaged or
destroyed, compensation shall be made according to the insurance coverage.
For missing contents or partial damage or destruction of insured postal
materials, compensation shall be made according to the actual losses of
the postal materials, based on the ratio between the insurance coverage
and the whole value of the postal materials.
(3) For uninsured postal parcels, compensation shall be made according to
the actual damage due to loss of such postal parcels, but the maximum
compensation shall not exceed the amount formulated by the competent
department of postal services under the State Council.
(4) For other types of vouchered postal materials, compensation shall be
made or remedial measures taken according to the measures provided for by
the competent department of postal services under the State Council.
Article 34
Postal enterprises shall not be held liable for compensation if one of the
following situations occurs:
(1) losses of ordinary postal materials;
(2) losses of vouchered postal materials caused by the user or due to some
characteristic of the posted articles per se;
(3) losses of vouchered postal materials, other than postal remittances
and insured postal materials, caused by force majeure; and
(4) users failing to inquire about or demand compensation at the end of
one year, counting from the date of handing in or posting the vouchered
postal materials or making the remittance.
Article 35
If disputes over compensation for losses occur between users and postal
enterprises, users may request the competent department of postal services
at higher levels to settle; users who refuse to accept the settlement
thereof may file lawsuits with the people's court; users may also file
lawsuits with the people's court directly.

Chapter VII Penalty Provisions
Article 36
Persons who infringe upon the citizens' right to freedom of correspondence
by concealing, destroying, discarding or illegally opening mail of another
person, where circumstances are serious, shall be investigated for
criminal liability according to the provisions of Article 149 of the
Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China; those whose acts are not
serious enough for criminal punishment shall be punished according to the
provisions of Article 22 of Regulations of the People's Republic of China
on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.
Article 37
Postal personnel who without permission open or conceal, destroy or
discard postal materials shall be investigated for criminal liability in
accordance with Paragraph 1 in Article 191 of the Criminal Law of the
People's Republic of China.
Those who commit the crime specified in the preceding provision and also
steal property therein shall be given a heavier punishment for the crime
of embezzlement in accordance with Paragraph 2 in Article 191 of the
Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 38
Persons who intentionally damage or destroy public postal facilities such
as mailboxes, where such acts are not serious enough for criminal
punishment, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article
25 of Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administrative
Penalties for Public Security; where circumstances are serious, such
persons shall be investigated for criminal liability in accordance with
the provisions of Article 156 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic
of China.
Article 39
Postal personnel who refuse to handle postal business which should be
handled according to law or who intentionally delay the delivery of postal
materials shall be given administrative disciplinary sanction. Postal
personnel who are derelict in their duties and bring about great loss to
public property and the interests of the state and the people shall be
investigated for criminal liability in accordance with the provisions of
Article 187 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 40
Persons who, in violation of provisions of Article 8 of this Law, handle
the business of posting and delivering mail or articles with
characteristics of mail shall be ordered by industrial and commercial
administrative authorities to return the mail and other articles and the
postal fees they have obtained from the senders, and a fine shall be
imposed on them.
Parties concerned who refuse to obey the decision of punishment may bring
suit to the people's court within 15 days of receiving the penalty notice.
If parties concerned neither bring suit to the people's court nor
implement the decision before the time limit expires, the industrial and
commercial administrative authorities shall apply to the people's court
for mandatory enforcement.

Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 41
The meanings of the following terms used in this Law are:
(1) postal materials: referring to mail, printed matter, postal parcels,
money orders, newspapers, periodicals, etc., posted and delivered by
postal enterprises.
(2) mail: referring to letters and postcards.
(3) ordinary postal materials: referring to the postal materials that
postal enterprises and their branch offices do not issue receipts for upon
acceptance and posting, and do not request recipients to sign for on
delivery.
(4) vouchered postal materials: referring to postal materials such as
registered mail, postal parcels, insured postal materials, etc., that the
postal enterprises and their branch offices issue receipts for upon
acceptance and posting, and for which recipients are requested to sign on
delivery.
(5) international postal articles: referring to printed matter and postal
parcels posted and delivered between users of the People's Republic of
China and users of foreign countries or regions.
(6) special postal articles: referring to postal date-marks, postal tongs
for lead sealing and postal bags.
Article 42
If provisions of this Law contravene those of the international treaties
concerning international postal affairs which the People's Republic of
China has concluded or to which China is a party, the provisions of the
international treaties concerned shall prevail, with the exception of the
treaty clauses on which the People's Republic of China has declared
reservations.
Article 43
The competent department of postal services under the State Council shall,
in accordance with this Law, formulate rules for its implementation, which
shall go into effect after being submitted to and approved by the State
Council.
Article 44
This Law shall go into effect on January 1, 1987.


中国银行关于发送《关于基础设施项目贷款的指导意见》的通知

中国银行


中国银行关于发送《关于基础设施项目贷款的指导意见》的通知
中国银行




各省、自治区、直辖市分行,计划单列市、经济特区分行,沈阳市、长春市、哈尔滨
市、南京市、武汉市、广州市、成都市、西安市、杭州市、济南、浦东分行:
基础设施项目贷款指的是能源、交通、邮电通讯及城市基础设施建设贷款。最近,中央决定采取一系列措施加强基础设施建设。这一决策对增加内需,减弱东南亚金融风潮对我国经济的冲击,推进科教兴国战略的落实,确保我国国民经济持续稳定快速发展,在近期和中长期都有重要的
意义。
在这种形势下,总行5月26~28日在昆明召开了基础设施贷款研讨会,目的是及时总结中国银行过去在基础设施贷款工作中的经验和问题,以便今后进一步做好基础设施贷款工作。对于这次会议行领导非常重视。会议经过三天讨论,形成了基础设施项目贷款的一些原则性意见,经总行? 糯芾聿抗槟沙晌豆赜诨∩枋┫钅看畹闹傅家饧罚路⒛阈校氩握罩葱小T诙曰∩枋┫钅看钪蟹⑾质裁次侍猓爰笆庇胱苄行糯芾聿苛怠?
附: 关于基础设施项目贷款的指导意见
与一般工业企业贷款相比,基础设施项目贷款有以下特点:
第一,资金投入大。
第二,投资回收期长,对银行贷款的占用时间长。
第三,基础设施项目由于与国计民生密切相关,又是国民经济的基础产业,一般用于解决制约社会发展的“瓶颈”问题,具有不可替代性。
第四,由于受国家政策的保护和行业特点,基础设施项目受经济周期波动和市场情况变化影响相对较小,有一定的行业垄断性。
第五,城市基础设施项目往往社会效益大于经济效益,回报率较低。有的甚至无回报,项目本身没有还款能力。还本付息需要协调解决。
第六,基础设施贷款项目的建设资金大,建成后收费一般比较稳定并且数额较大,对中国银行存款结算等中间业务的开展有较大帮助。
鉴于以上情况,现就基础设施项目贷款提出以下指导性意见:
一、项目选择问题
由于基础设施项目贷款的上述特点,项目选择的好坏,直接影响中国银行的贷款质量。总行在信贷政策等有关文件中对中国银行1998年的贷款投向作了明确规定。但是落实到基础设施贷款项目的选择上,应该具体项目具体分析。各行选择项目要好中选好、优中选优;选择那些行业和项
目风险小、收益较大、适合我行融资的项目。要把交通和邮电通信项目作为发展的主要方向。
交通项目,在得到代理收取过桥费、过路费的前提下,应该重点争取由国家或省交通厅投资的国道、省道、高速公路和桥梁项目,不主张作地县级交通项目。通讯项目,应该重点争取邮电系统光纤接入网项目和数字移动通讯项目。能源项目,应以支持电力行业为主,重点争取电网建设
,包括输变电和配电工程;对于电厂项目,应该做好市场调查,严格审查,落实好贷款条件,尽量争取叙作省级以上电力局或电力公司投资的项目。对于20万千瓦以下的小火电、小水电项目应该限制支持。
城市基础设施项目,应该重点争取支持自来水项目,对于污水处理、煤气工程应该有选择的支持,叙作该类项目时还款来源必须有保证,可以要求当地政府或主管部门出具承诺函,内容包括:(1)在借款人和担保人无力还款或无法履行担保责任时,负责还本付息;(2)项目产生的中间业
务在中国银行叙作;(3)对于项目建设或贷款归还中出现的问题负责出面协调。
对于机场、码头、港口建设项目必须慎重,做好市场调查,完善各项手续。
根据中国银行的特点和目前国内的竞争环境,要争取叙作日本资金协力贷款项目;争取叙作非竞争性行业即独家经营行业的项目。争取叙作中国银行可以独家承担或处于牵头行位置的项目。
项目选择的基础是信息的沟通和评估的准确,对于大的基础设施项目,可以委托专门的评估公司和专家或国外评估机构进行评估论证,保证项目评估的科学性和可靠性。各行要及时与当地政府主管部门、与总行沟通信息,主动发现项目,在选择项目过程中处于主动。总行信贷管理部为
及时掌握各行对重点项目的选择,建立了重点项目库,请各行充分重视这项工作,及时向总行上报项目选择和进展情况。
二、借款人选择问题
目前基础设施贷款的借款人大约可以分为三类:第一类是具有独立法人资格、完整财务制度和还款能力的企业法人;第二类借款人往往具有行政管理和企业(事业)的双重职能,如电力局、交通厅、电信局、项目建设指挥部、公路项目的改建办等;第三类是为建设项目而成立的具有独立
法人资格的经济实体或有限责任公司。
对于这三类不同类型的借款人要区别对待。对于第一类借款企业,要按照目前的审批制度和管理体制进行规范的审查;对于项目建设指挥部、改建办等临时性项目承办人要密切跟踪,加强贷后管理,要求该类借款人出具项目建成后债务转移的承诺;交通厅和邮电局作借款人的,要重点
审查其管理能力和资金调控能力,选择管理能力和资金调控能力强的单位作借款主体;对于第三类为建设项目而成立的项目公司,必须要落实好抵押或信用担保。
对于建设单位和经营(收费)单位不是一个公司的,要特别注意,尽量要求其上级主管部门出具承诺,承诺应明确在项目建设、中间业务叙作和项目还款出现问题时,主管部门有协调责任,保证中国银行的贷款安全。
(一)向交通厅和邮电局发放贷款,可以根据实际情况,采取多种形式,既可以采取统借统还方式,也可以采取对具体项目发放贷款的方式。
(二)对于管理能力和资金调控能力较强的交通厅、邮电局等基础设施项目借款人,可以根据其实际情况和与中国银行的关系,在授信评级、简化审批手续、授信额度管理以及优惠服务等方面参照中国银行对重点客户的政策执行(《中国银行重点客户管理试行办法》以中银信管[1998]224
号文下发),必要时可以由总行或省行出面,与这类借款人签订银企合作协议。
(三)对邮电局等基础设施行业的借款人进行信用评级,如果因为中国银行现有评级标准没有涉及到这类行业的特点,造成借款人信用等级低,影响信贷业务开展时,各行可以根据实际情况进行调整,但是在调整时应有充分的理由,并报备总行。总行近期拟下发有关信用评级的补充通知
,对一些特殊行业的评级标准进行调整,通知下发后,请各行遵照执行。
(四)对于交通厅、电力局、邮电局等基础设施项目借款人可能出现的行政管理职能和经营职能分开或其他体制变化等情况,各行要及时跟踪,在与这类借款人签订借款协议时,应该明确债务转移条款,并向总行及时反映有关情况。
三、担保的落实问题
基础设施项目借款担保人目前存在以下问题。对于金额较大的基础设施贷款,特别是石油或邮电行业,由于贷款数额大,在本地区很难找到合适的还款保证人。一些基础设施贷款的担保人是借款人的上级公司或主管部门,但是按照《中华人民共和国担保法》的要求,这类担保人是不具
担保资格的。以资产抵押的基础设施项目贷款存在抵押登记手续费过高,抵押登记手续不完善等问题。由于贷款金额较大,企业一般无法提供相应的抵押物,即使有,变现性较差,抵押权难以执行。针对不同类型的担保形式,应依据以下原则执行:
(一)要争取落实有担保资格和担保实力的保证人提供信用担保,如果对于一个项目,一个担保人实力不足,可以由几个担保人联合提供还款保证,或者承担连带责任,或者明确每个担保人担保的贷款金额。
(二)对于公路项目以收费权作质押担保的,根据实际情况可以考虑采用以新建公路的收费权作质押,也可以用已建成公路的收费权作质押,或者由交通厅用交通规费作质押。与其他银行共同承办的项目,可以采取将收费权按贷款比例分期质押的办法(如星期一、三、五、日收费存入中? 校瞧诙⑺摹⒘辗汛嫒肫渌?。
(三)如果担保落实与现有法律或有关规定发生冲突时,首先在形式上要完善担保手续;其次根据实际情况应该要求地方政府、或地方财政部门、或地方计委、或地方人大、或地方主管部门出具还款承诺,作为借款合同文件的组成部分。承诺至少应明确:在借款人无力还款,担保人无法
履行担保责任时,上述机构应该承担还款责任,并负责对项目执行中出现的问题予以协调。
贷款能否正常归还,关键还要看项目本身的效益,而不能过分依靠担保人和还款承诺人的承诺,所以重要的是对项目选择好、对项目管理好。
四、贷款期限和性质划分问题
按照《贷款通则》规定,银行贷款期限一般不得超过10年,中国银行信贷政策规定贷款一般不超过8年。基础设施贷款项目一般贷款期限较长,各行在评估项目时必须做到严谨、准确,除转贷款项目外,对于超过8年的项目,超过分行权限的,要报总行审批,属于分行权限内的项目必须
报备总行。申请总行直贷的项目,没有期限限制,但是期限确定必须经过总行信贷业务部同意。
目前中国银行人民币贷款按中长期贷款和短期贷款划分,不再按固定资产和流动资金划分;外汇贷款仍按固定资产和流动资金划分。总行对各行人民币存贷比有明确规定,在比例之内,新增短期和中长期贷款比例由各行自行掌握。外汇固定资产贷款属于分行权限内的项目,由分行自行
解决;属于总行审批的项目,由总行按项目下达用款计划。外汇流动资金贷款在分行存贷比之内解决,分行自行解决有困难的可以申请总行直贷解决。
五、资金和资金计划问题
与其他几大国有商业银行相比,中国银行人民币资金实力较弱,对于一些大的基础设施项目,单纯凭各个分行的资金情况很难承办;在激烈的市场竞争形势下,别的银行业务拓展就相当于中国银行的业务萎缩。在这种情况下,应该注意以下几点:
(一)充分发挥中国银行外汇贷款的优势,用中国银行的外汇贷款弥补中国银行人民币资金的不足,能利用外汇贷款的项目尽量争取使用中国银行外汇贷款。
(二)对于依靠分行自身实力支持有困难的项目,各行要及时上报总行,申请总行直贷或采取总分行联贷的形式。
(三)要加强省级分行的资金调控能力,由省行直接掌握一定的直贷资金。
(四)探索与其他银行组成银团贷款方式,共同对项目进行支持,并在利益分配等问题上与其他银行达成协议。
(五)各行必须准确、及时地把基础设施项目贷款的资金计划反映在本行上报给总行综合计划部的资金需求计划上,以便总行及时对各行情况进行了解,并适当调整。
六、贷款承诺问题
好的基础设施贷款项目是各家银行争取的目标,借款人往往要求银行在短时间内出具较大金额的贷款承诺或放款,这与中国银行的审批程序相矛盾。各行除了应该及早介入,做好评估之外,超过自己权限的项目应该及时上报总行以协调资金和计划的问题。根据1998年信贷政策(即将下? ?,总行于近日就贷款承诺问题专门下发了通知,对贷款承诺的出具原则和要求作了明确规定,请各行参照执行。基本原则如下:
(一)对于项目建议书阶段,总行不规定权限,但是对外出具承诺应该落实资金和计划。该阶段出具承诺至少应附以下条件:项目经过国家有权部门批准,符合中国银行贷款的有关规定和条件,落实中国银行接受的贷款担保,贷款经过中国银行按程序批准。
(二)需要总行出具承诺或授权出具承诺的,必须上报项目的审查意见并说明资金、计划的落实情况。
(三)项目可研阶段的贷款承诺必须按照中国银行的贷款审批权限、贷款审批程序和标准经批准后才能对外出具。
对于目前部分地区存在的银行间无序竞争问题,各行必须保持清醒的认识,不能推波助澜,不能违反国家和中国人民银行以及中国银行的有关规定。如果业务开拓和现有规定有冲突的,应该及时上报和反映,对于违反现有规定造成中国银行信贷资产损失的,总行要追究有关责任人的责
任。
七、项目管理问题
基础设施贷款项目往往存在建设时间和还款期较长,涉及项目资金来源和管理层次多,借款人由于具有垄断优势不与中国银行合作,项目贷后管理不易控制等特点,给贷款管理造成一定的难度。对此,首先应该制定相应的规章制度和实施细则。以本次会议精神为蓝本,会后,总行将制
定中国银行基础设施贷款管理办法,对一些重要问题予以明确。各行对必要的大项目应该设立项目经理并加强信贷人员相关知识的培训和学习。对于项目的贷后管理,应该根据《中国银行贷后管理办法》执行,发现问题及时解决。
八、中间业务问题
涉及基础设施贷款项目的中间业务主要有收费业务(包括项目经营期间收费、为政策性银行作代理业务收取的代理费、转贷款的转贷费用、参与境外融资项目的评估手续费等)、存款业务、结算业务等。要做到这一点,银行的服务一定要跟上。各行应该在网点布局、实现省内通存通兑、
资金划拨体系等方面作进一步改进,以满足客户的需要。
九、加强调查研究问题
对于基础设施贷款项目,由于项目投入较大,因此更应该在前期做好项目调查工作,不能盲目的因为竞争的需要就仓促作出决策,总行建立了重点备选项目库的目的,就是为了加强总分行间在项目前期的联系和沟通,总行将选择重点项目库中的一些比较成熟的项目在落实资金和计划的
前提下向国家有关部门出具承诺,所以请各行及时反馈项目进度,做好与总行的沟通和联系。对于一些较大的项目,分行可以与总行共同进行市场调查。1998年总行准备进行邮电、电力等市场调查,请各行予以协助。
十、风险防范问题
基础设施项目也存在贷款风险,主要表现在以下六个方面:
(一)盲目投资重复建设造成的项目风险。盲目投资、重复建设的问题在基础设施建设中也存在。近些年在机场、港口、电力等建设中,就出现布点过多的问题,有些地方已带来了难以消除的后遗症,比如各地纷纷上马规模不等的电厂,而经济发展滞后,电力项目预定的售电计划较难落
实,导致预期的收益难以产生。在相关体制问题(如条块分割)尚未根治而又面临新的一轮基础设施建设热潮的时候,对可能出现的盲目投资、重复建设问题大家不能掉以轻心。
(二)资金的低效率使用。基础设施投资所具有的长期性、低回报乃至无直接回报等特点,极易掩盖资金的低效率使用。目前基础设施投融资体制改革远未到位,建设所需资金通常数额巨大,由此引起的呆账坏账问题可能比投向加工工业更为严重。
(三)项目资金来源不落实、不到位。当前和今后一个时期国家将重点发展基础设施建设,而国家和地方财政拨款毕竟有限,因此在部分地区会出现资金和其他资源的分散使用问题。历史经验告诉我们,项目资本金或配套资金不到位或不足,使工期拉长、效益下降的例子不胜枚举。项目
资金不落实,有时人为调低预算是造成基础设施贷款风险的一个主要原因。
(四)项目建设风险。由于配套设施和条件不落实,项目工期延续,无法按时完工达产,会给我行贷款的正常归还造成不利影响。
(五)地区风险。这里讲的地区风险主要指项目所在地的经济发展情况。从总体上讲我国基础设施建设欠账较多,尤其是一些经济欠发达地区。这些地区经济的发展直接影响到项目资金落实、效益和还款的可靠性。
(六)政策性风险。由于国家和地方政府对与国计民生有关的一些基础设施贷款的定价实行宏观调控,所以基础设施项目的效益很大程度上取决于价格的确定,在一些领域,基础设施项目贷款存在价格风险。政策性风险还体现在地方优惠政策的不确定性。如部分地区对道路建成后过往车
辆仅征收营业税,对所得利润免征所得税,这类政策往往是不确定的。这种不确定性直接影响到项目的效益和中国银行贷款的安全。
(七)外汇贷款的基础设施贷款项目还存在汇率风险。对于上述风险,各行在对项目进行评估和审查时,必须认真对待,贷后应作为管理重点进行检查和监控,以确保中国银行贷款的安全。



1998年6月16日