最高人民法院关于继承权问题意见的复函

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最高人民法院关于继承权问题意见的复函

最高人民法院


最高人民法院关于继承权问题意见的复函

1951年9月20日,最高人民法院

政治法律委员会办公厅:
接7月26日来函,关于继承问题,我们基本上同意处理继承问题目前尚不宜作太具体的规定,且继承应不局限于血统关系及平均分配。但对处理继承问题,如果列举其应考虑的条件多了,伸缩性就大,则与社会实际情况不易相合,且因处理问题之人不易掌握运用,适用恐有困难。本院认为继承问题在目前似可暂不作全面指示,而仅就个别问题解决。这一意见,先请你会考虑。如认为有全面指示之必要,本院提出如下意见:
继承人之分列先后顺序,依照实际情况,应当是:继承人之第一顺序,应以配偶、子女(包括养子女、非婚生子女)及无劳动能力或其他生活条件的父母及祖父母。此外向受被继承人扶养而无劳动能力或其他生活条件的亲属或非亲属亦有酌分遗产的权利。第一顺序中之子女,有先于被继承人死亡者,应由其所生之孙子女或外孙子女代位继承。被继承人之有生活条件的父母或祖父母为第二顺序的继承人。
被继承人之有生活条件的兄弟姊妹为第三顺序的继承人。
如无继承人时,死亡者的遗产应归国有。
至于你会综合意见第一段所述“死亡者意愿”一点,主要是指遗嘱效力而言,我们认为这点可俟决定的有关遗嘱的法令或指示时再为全面考虑,现在似可不提。
二、关于同一顺序继承人间,各人应得继承份额多寡的问题,我们认为可不遽作硬性的规定,目前可以平均为原则;但得斟酌具体情况,如各继承人的生活情况,发展生产等条件,而有所增减。同一顺序的继承人中有属代位继承者,一般的应按房代位继承;其应继的份额,遇有特殊情况亦得予以照顾。
三、关于处理继承纠纷的问题,把调查亲友意见,作为群众路线的调查方法是好的;有领导的进行调解也是好的;惟作硬性的规定。综合意见中所说“一般应经死亡者亲友共同商议调解,调解成立即可执行”一节似可不作硬性规定。
以上意见,请你会考量!

附:政务院政治法律委员会函 (1951年7月26日)
最高人民法院:
中央司法部提出关于继承权问题的意见,送请政委审核,因此问题有关各方意见尚不一致,经我们于7月21日邀集司法部、法制委员会、最高人民法院的主管部门负责同志开会研究,取得一致意见,兹录送请复阅见示。
关于处理继承遗产问题,认为目前还不宜于作出太具体的规定,仅能提出以下原则性意见供参照应用:
一、按照新民主主义的社会性质及一般城乡人民的家庭关系,在处理继承遗产问题上,应根据所有继承人的实际情况及相互间的关系,作通盘的考虑。对于遗产的分配,必须注意到所有继承人的生产条件、生活状况、劳动态度、对所继承财产付出的劳动质量、以及是否因分配遗产而影响生产事业的发展等各方面的条件。不能以局限于血统关系或死亡者意愿为原则。
二、死亡者的配偶(包括新婚姻法颂布前即已存在的“妾”的身份)、子女(包括养子女、非婚生子女、及同父异母、同母异父的子女)、父母(包括养父母)、及死亡者生前扶养的缺乏劳动力或其他生活条件的亲属(包括兄弟姊妹)或非亲属,均得继承死亡者的遗产。至于是否继承及继承数量的多寡,则须依据前项精神考虑确定。不能局限于顺序继承、平均继承及指定继承的做法。
三、处理继承纠纷问题,一般应在地方民政工作干部领导之下,召集熟悉死亡者家庭情况的、公平的、死亡者的亲属及友人,共同商议调解。调解成立,即可执行;调解不成立,当事人仍可向人民法院声诉。


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榆林市人民政府办公室转发市城建局规划局执法局关于 榆林市户外广告设施设置规划和标准的通知

陕西省榆林市人民政府办公室


榆林市人民政府办公室转发市城建局规划局执法局关于 榆林市户外广告设施设置规划和标准的通知

榆政办发〔2009〕61号 

  
  各县区人民政府,市政府各工作部门、各直属机构:
  市城建局、规划局、执法局制定的《榆林市户外广告设施设置规划和标准》已经市政府同意,现转发你们,请遵照执行。
  
  
  
   二〇〇九年八月六日

榆林市户外广告设施设置规划和标准
市城建局 市规划局 市执法局

  
  第一章 总 则
  第一条 为加强我市户外广告设置管理,规范户外广告设置行为,保护城市景观风貌,根据《中华人民共和国广告法》、《榆林市户外广告设置管理办法》等规定,制定本规划和标准。
   第二条 在榆林市城市规划区范围内的道路、桥梁、广场、绿化带、建筑物、构筑物、围墙、栏杆、路肩、街头空地、代征道路用地、退让道路用地、客运车辆等城市公用空间上设置的广告设施均应遵照本规划和标准执行。
  第三条 设置广告应遵循少而精的原则,注重与周边人文景观、主体建筑形象及空间环境相协调,避免影响车辆、人流的通行。
  第四条 设置广告鼓励使用新媒体、新形式、新技术及新材料,运用先进的设计理念和灵活多样的艺术表现形式,体现我市经济社会发展的时代感。
  
  第二章 设置规划
  第五条 根据城市不同区域的功能定位、地理环境、文化氛围和商业特点,将榆林城区户外广告设置区规划为:禁止设置区、控制设置区、集中设置区和一般设置区。
  第六条 禁止设置区范围内禁止设置户外广告(公益性广告除外),包括下列范围:
  (一)古城墙;
  (二)榆溪河河堤两侧;
  (三)机场路沿线;
  (四)古建筑、坡屋顶建筑、重要的人文景观及建筑控制地带;
  (五)影响建筑形象、遮挡窗户的范围;
  (六)影响交通视线的范围;
  (七)城市建筑限高区以上高度的范围;
  (八)有消防隐患的建筑物;
  (九)交通安全设施、交通标志:
  1、交通信号设施;
  2、交通标志牌、道路指示牌;
  3、交通执勤岗位设施;
  4、道路隔离栏、绿化隔离带护栏;
  5、道路、桥梁、隧道收费口防撞墙;
  6、其它交通安全设施和交通标志。
  (十)影响市政公共设施、交通安全设施、交通标志使用的范围:
  1、距交通安全设施和交通标志10米以内的范围;
  2、公交站牌(公交候车亭公益广告除外)、出租汽车搭乘牌、消防设施、邮政信箱、电话亭等设施5米以内的范围;
  3、影响地下管线、高压电力架空线安全运行的范围;
  4、影响河道、防洪围堤的安全防护的范围;
  5、距过街地道、公路收费口和高架道路落地匝道等出入口50米以内的范围;
  6、城市道路交叉路口停车线后20米以内的范围;
  7、其它影响市政公共设施、交通安全设施、交通标志使用的范围。
  (十一)妨碍人民群众生产生活、损害市容市貌的设置情形:
  1、跨越城市道路、公路设置的;
  2、在透空围墙上设置的;
  3、在建筑物外墙设置遮挡窗口的;
  4、在有居住功能的建筑窗间墙、窗下墙设置霓虹灯、灯箱、电子显示屏的;
  5、建筑外墙、顶部设置实物广告的;
  6、车辆出入较多的单位出入口两侧20米以内范围内设置的;
  7、在沿街门店橱窗张贴、悬挂宣传所售商品海报的;
  8、其它妨碍人民群众生产生活,损害市容市貌或者建筑形象的。
  (十二)国家机关、教育文化设施、纪念性建筑、标志性建筑、文物保护单位、优秀近代建筑和名胜风景点的建筑控制地带:
  1、市、区党委、人大、政府、政协大楼及其围墙;
  2、市、区公安局、国家安全局、检察院、法院机关大楼及其围墙;
  3、军事机关大楼及其围墙;
  4、文物保护单位、优秀建筑及其建筑控制地带。
  (十三)影响绿化景观的设置情形:
  1、依附于行道树或者影响行道树生长的;
  2、在道路绿化分隔带中设置的;
  3、遮挡绿化景观的;
  4、其它利用行道树或者损毁绿地设置的。
  第七条 控制设置区范围内不得设置大型广告,主要包括下列范围:
  (一)古城步行街;
  (二)住宅楼楼顶;
  (三)阅报栏、宣传栏。
  第八条 集中设置区范围内设置户外广告应当与周边人文景观、自然环境、商业特点相适应,体现昼夜景观的协调,达到白天美化城市景观与夜间妆点城市夜景的和谐统一。集中设置区包括以下范围:
  (一)城区商业集中区域。
  (二)高速公路、210国道等。
  第九条 一般设置区范围指除禁止设置区、控制设置区、集中设置区以外的区域。一般设置区广告应当遵守广告设计标准,与周围环境相协调。
  第十条 户外广告的制作、安装材料、声、光,应当符合《中华人民共和国环境保护法》和《中华人民共和国消防法》的规定。广告牌面的外沿或上下沿与高压导线距离,应符合国务院《电力设施保护条例》的要求。
  
  第三章 设置标准
  第十一条 广告设施分为落地式(单立柱式、单独设置的实物造型、充气式装置和电子显示牌、指路牌、指示牌)、附着式(附着在建筑物、构筑物上的)、墙体广告、悬挂式(利用气球等升空器具携带或其它方式悬挂在空中的)。
  第十二条 大型户外广告指单立柱式、单独设置的实物造型、充气式装置、电子显示牌、建筑物、构筑物上及顶部的实体和通透式霓虹灯广告。其它属于中、小型广告。 
  第十三条 落地式户外广告设置标准:
  (一)人行道上禁止设置;
  (二)利用人行道护栏设置的灯箱广告,长度不超过护栏长度的二分之一,等距离间隔设置,高度不超过0.9米;
  (三)利用城市桥梁设置的灯箱广告,不得影响桥梁结构安全,不得影响交通管理和行人安全,广告的顶部不得超出桥梁主结构上下边缘,长度不得大于主桥体正面长度;
  (四)利用公交候车亭或其他市政公共设施设置的广告,应当结合候车亭或其他市政设施一并设计,与整体街景协调统一;
  (五)建筑工地围墙广告统一设置在围墙外,高度在围墙以上不得超过2米,内容应当为自身项目和公益性宣传,禁止发布商业广告,建设项目竣工后广告立即自行拆除;
  (六)实物造型或充气式户外广告占地面不得大于2.5平方米,仅限于各种开业庆典和会议临时宣传设置;
  (七)大型单立柱式广告主要设置在城市出入口、高速公路、过境国道沿线,城区内禁止设置,牌面可设置两面或三面,单面面积不得大于110平方米,牌面下沿距地面高度不得小于12米,牌面外缘距路面边沟30米以上,间距不小于1000米。具体为包茂高速公路(北至孟家湾、西至榆横交界处,榆林收费站立交桥南北各1000米外),距高速公路边线30米外,间隔每2千米两侧可各设置一块;210国道(北至郭家伙场、南至鱼河,超限站以南三岔湾三岔路口以北城区段以外),距公路边线30米外,间隔每1千米两侧可各设置一块;
  (八)指路牌、提示牌的设置高度在距路面4米处,牌面面积在2平方米以内,不得妨碍城市交通、通讯、电力、消防和绿化或其它公共设施。
  第十四条 附着式广告设置标准:
  (一)在建(构)筑物顶部设置户外广告,牌面应沿外墙持平设置,长度不得超出两侧墙面。同一幢建(构)筑物设置多块广告或在同一视角内多幢建(构)筑设置广告的,造型、规格要相互协调。
  1、高度在10米以下的建(构)筑物原则上不得设置顶部广告;
  2、高度在10米以上、23米以下的建(构)筑物顶部户外广告结构及广告牌的总高度不得超过5米;
  3、高度24米以上、35米以下的建(构)筑物顶部户外广告结构及广告牌面的总高度不得超过6米;
  4、高度在36米以上的建(构)筑物顶部设置广告的,可采用镂空独立字体或镂空霓虹灯,不得采用实体板面,且应进行风荷载、雷击辐射扩散角计算,必须有泄风压措施,确保使用安全。
  (二)贴附建(构)筑物实体墙面设置广告的,在不影响原建筑物风格的基础上,酌情设置,严格控制,广告牌总面积不得超过设置墙面面积的30%。
  1、平行紧贴于建筑物实体墙面设置的广告,户外广告结构和牌面不得超出墙面的距离0.5米以上,其底部距地面不得少于3米,高度不得超过建(构)筑物顶部;
  2、垂直附于建筑物实体墙面设置的,户外广告牌外缘挑出距离不得超过1.5米,底部距地面不得少于3.5米,高度不得超过建(构)筑物顶部,设在人行道上方距地面不少于2.8米。面积在10平方米以下的双面体灯箱广告的厚度应小于0.5米(含);
  3、高层建筑物的消防登高面上不得设置悬挑式户外广告。
  (三)新建路、湖滨路、肤施路区域内建筑物顶部禁止设置实体广告牌匾,应当设置通透式霓虹灯;
  (四)人民路、榆阳路、青山路、长城路等主要街道20米以上建筑物顶不得设置实体广告牌匾,应当设置通透式霓虹灯;
  (五)沿街门店牌匾实行“一店一牌”, 保持整齐划一、上下平齐、色彩协调,不得超高、超大广告化。门店牌匾主要分为横式牌匾和竖式牌匾,鼓励设置霓虹灯或内显式灯箱。
  1、单层建筑物上门店牌匾设置的位置为一层门楣以上,檐口以下;
  2、二层以下建筑物上门店牌匾设置的位置为一层门楣以上,距二层窗户20公分以下。二层以上门店牌匾的设置,依次类推;
  3、横式牌匾设置要求:长度与门店(面)等长,牌匾高度不得超过2米,厚度不得超过0.5米;
  4、竖式牌匾设置要求:高度不得超过建筑物顶部高度,牌匾外缘挑出距离不得超过1.5米,宽度不得超过0.5米。单层或一层建筑物不得设置竖式牌匾。
  (六)利用机动车设置广告的,不得设置在车头正面、前后挡风玻璃、两侧车窗,设置车身广告不得对原车身颜色全部遮盖,不得影响识别和乘坐,符合交通和车辆管理的有关规定。
  第十五条 悬挂式广告设置标准:
  (一)沿街门店条幅广告应当贴靠门面上方,长度不超过店面宽度,与人行道平行设置。在建筑物外墙设置的垂直条幅广告,应当固定在建筑物上部并贴靠外墙下挂,不得影响行人和车辆通行;
  (二)灯杆挂旗广告可适量设置,挂旗应当有牢固的硬质抱箍固定在灯杆上,旗面绷紧,下沿距地面不得小于3米;
  (三)拉绳彩幡旗广告可适量设置,一般设置在宣传活动现场,拉绳应当牢固绷直,不得跨街设置,不得影响行人和车辆通行。
  
  第四章 设施安全
  第十六条 户外广告设施应当符合安全要求。
  (一)大中型户外广告设施应由具备建筑结构设计资质、景观设计资质的单位进行设计,出具完整的结构施工图纸,明确结构要求、材料规格及连接结点、防腐、防锈和防雷等内容,由具备建筑、安装施工资质的企业制作安装。
  (二)广告设施的荷载应符合国家相关标准,设置屋顶和墙面广告设施的,除考虑广告设施自身强度外,应当考虑广告设施的荷载对原有建筑物的影响。广告设施与原有建筑物应确保连接可靠、牢固安全。
  (三)户外广告设施应当每两年进行荷载安全检测,检查连接结点的安全牢固情况及钢结构件的防腐情况。
  
  第五章 附 则
  第十七条 各县可参照本规划和标准制定本辖区户外广告设置的详细规划和标准。
  第十八条 本规划和标准自2009年9月6日起施行。
  

JOINT DECLARATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE QUESTION OF HONG KONG ——附加英文版

the Government of the People's Republic of China,Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern


JOINT DECLARATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE QUESTION OF HONG KONG


WHOLE DOCUMENT
  
  Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
  the Government of the People's Republic of China have reviewed 
with
  sfaction the friendly relations existing between the two 
Governments
  peoples in recent years and agreed that a proper negotiated
settlement
  he question of Hong Kong, which is left over from the past, is 
con-
  ve to the maintenance of the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong
and
  he further strengthening and development of the relations between 
the
  countries on a new basis. To this end, they have, after talks 
between
  delegations of the two Governments, agreed to declare as follows:
  
  he Government of the People's Republic of China declares 
that to
  ver the Hong Kong area (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and 
the
  Territories, hereinafter referred to as Hong Kong) is the 
common
  ration of the entire Chinese people, and that it has decided to
resume
  exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July
1997.
  
  he Government of the United Kingdom declares that it will restore
Hong
  to the People's Republic of China with effect from 1 July 1997.
  
  he Government of the People's Republic of China declares 
that the
  c policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong 
are
  ollows:
  Upholding national unity and territorial integrity and taking 
account
  he history of Hong Kong and its realities, the People's 
Republic of
  a has decided to establish, in accordance with the 
provisions of
  cle 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, a 
Hong
  Special Administrative Region upon resuming the 
exercise  of
  reignty over Hong Kong.
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be directly
under the
  ority of the Central People's Government of the People's 
Republic of
  a. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy 
a high
  ee of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which are 
the
  onsibilities of the Central People's Government.
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be 
vested with
  utive, legislative and independent judicial power, including 
that of
  l adjudication. The laws currently in force in Hong Kong will 
remain
  cally unchanged.
  The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
will be
  osed of local inhabitants. The chief executive will be 
appointed by
  Central People's Government on the basis of the results of 
elections
  onsultations to be held locally. Principal officials will be
nominated
  he chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 
for
  intment by the Central People's Government. Chinese and 
foreign
  onals previously working in the public and police services 
in the
  rnment departments of Hong Kong may remain in employment. British 
and
  r foreign nationals may also be employed to serve as advisers or 
hold
  ain public posts in government departments of the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region.
  The current social and economic systems in Hong Kong will 
remain
  anged, and so will the life-style. Rights and freedoms, 
including
  e of the person, of speech, of the press, of assembly, of
association,
  ravel, of movement, of correspondence, of strike, of 
choice of
  pation, of academic research and of religious belief will be 
ensured
  aw in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Private 
property,
  rship of enterprises, legitimate right of inheritance and 
foreign
  stment will be protected by law.
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the
status of
  ee port and a separate customs territory.
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the
status of
  nternational financial centre, and its markets for foreign 
exchange,
  , securities and futures will continue. There will be free 
flow of
  tal. The Hong Kong dollar will continue to circulate and remain
freely
  ertible.
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will have 
independent
  nces. The Central People's Government will not levy taxes on the 
Hong
  Special Administrative Region.
  
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may establish 
mutually
  ficial economic relations with the United Kingdom and other
countries,
  e economic interests in Hong Kong will be given due regard.
  Using the name of "Hong Kong, China", the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region may on its own maintain and develop 
economic and
  ural relations and conclude relevant agreements with states, 
regions
  relevant international organizations. The Government of the
Hong Kong
  ial Administrative Region may on its own issue travel 
documents for
  y into and exit from Hong Kong.
  The maintenance of public order in the  Hong  Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region will be the responsibility of the Government
of the
  Kong Special Administrative Region.
  The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of 
China
  rding Hong Kong and the elaboration of them in Annex I to this 
Joint
  aration will be stipulated, in a Basic Law of the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region of the People's Republic of China, by the 
National
  le's Congress of the People's Republic of China, and they will 
remain
  anged for 50 years.
  
  he Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the
People's
  blic of China declare that, during the transitional period
between the
  of the entry into force of this Joint Declaration and 30 June 
1997,
  Government of the United Kingdom will be responsible 
for the
  nistration of Hong Kong with the object of maintaining and 
preserving
  economic prosperity and social stability; and that the 
Government of
  People's Republic of China will give its cooperation 
in this
  ection.
  
  he Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the
People's
  blic of China declare that, in order to ensure a smooth 
transfer of
  rnment in 1997, and with a view to the effective 
implementation of
  Joint Declaration, a Sino-British Joint Liaison Group will be set 
up
  this Joint Declaration enters into force; and that it 
will be
  blished and will function in accordance with the provisions of 
Annex
  o this Joint Declaration.
  
  he Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the
People's
  blic of China declare that land leases in Hong Kong and other 
related
  ers will be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Annex 
III
  his Joint Declaration.
  
  he Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the
People's
  blic of China agree to implement the preceding declarations 
and the
  xes to this Joint Declaration.
  
  his Joint Declaration is subject to ratification and shall enter 
into
  e on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification, 
which
  l take place in Beijing before 30 June 1985. This Joint 
Declaration
  its Annexes shall be equally binding. Done in duplicate at
Beijing on
  ecember 1984 in the English and Chinese languages, both texts 
being
  lly authentic.
  the                  For the
  rnment of the United Kingdom     Government of the
  reat Britain and Northern Ireland   People's Republic of China
  rate Thatcher             Zhao Ziyang
 ANNEX I: ELABORATION BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF 
CHINA OF ITS BASIC POLICIES REGARDING HONG KONG
  
  Government of the People's Republic of China elaborates the 
basic
  cies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong as set 
out
  aragraph 3 of the Joint Declaration of the Government of the 
United
  dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of 
the
  le's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong as follows:
  
  
  Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates in 
Article
  hat "the state may establish special administrative 
regions when
  ssary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative 
regions
  l be prescribed by laws enacted by the National People's 
Congress in
  light of the specific conditions." In accordance with this 
Article,
  People's Republic of China shall, upon the resumption of the 
exercise
  overeignty over Hong Kong on 1 July 1997, establish the Hong 
Kong
  ial Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.  
The
  onal People's Congress of the People's Republic of China shall 
enact
  promulgate a Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region
  he People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the 
Basic
  in accordance with the Constitution of the People's 
Republic of
  a, stipulating that after the establishment of the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region the socialist system and socialist policies 
shall
  be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and 
that
  Kong's previous capitalist system and life-style shall 
remain
  anged for 50 years.
  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be directly 
under the
  ority of the Central People's Government of the People's 
Republic of
  a and shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy. Except for foreign 
and
  nce affairs which are the responsibilities of the Central 
People's
  rnment, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be 
vested
  executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including
that
  inal adjudication. The Central People's Government shall
authorise the
  Kong Special Administrative Region to conduct on its own 
those
  rnal affairs specified in Section XI of this Annex.
  government and legislature of the Hong Kong Special 
Administrative
  on shall be composed of local inhabitants. The chief executive
of the
  Kong Special Administrative Region shall be selected by 
election or
  ugh consultations held locally and be appointed by the 
Central
  le's Government. Principal officials (equivalent to Secretaries)
shall
  nominated by the chief executive of  the  Hong  Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region and appointed by the Central People's 
Government.
  legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 
shall be
  tituted by elections. The executive authorities shall abide by
the law
  shall be accountable to the legislature.
  ddition to Chinese, English may also be used in organs of 
government
  in the courts in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
  t from displaying the national flag and national emblem 
of the
  le's Republic of China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region
  use a regional flag and emblem of its own.
  
  
  r the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region,
  laws previously in force in Hong Kong (i. e. the common law, rules 
of
  ty, ordinances, subordinate legislation and customary law) 
shall be
  tained, save for any that contravene the Basic Law and subject
to any
  dment by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region legislature. 
The
  slative power of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
shall be
  ed in the Legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region.
  legislature may on its own authority enact laws in accordance with
the
  isions of the Basic Law and legal procedures, and report them to 
the
  ding Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. 
Laws
  ted by the legislature which are in accordance with the Basic Law 
and
  l procedures shall be regarded as valid.
  laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be the
Basic
  and the laws previously in force in Hong Kong and laws enacted
by the
  Kong Special Administrative Region legislature as above.
  
  
  r the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region,
  judicial system previously practised in Hong Kong shall be 
maintained
  pt for those changes consequent upon the vesting in the courts
of the
  Kong Special Administrative Region of  the  power  of 
final
  dication.
  cial power in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 
shall be
  ed in the courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 
The
  ts shall exercise judicial power independently and free 
from any
  rference. Members of the judiciary shall be immune from legal 
action
  espect of their judicial functions. The courts shall decide 
cases in
  rdance with the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region
  may refer to precedents in other common law jurisdictions. 
Judges of
  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region courts shall be 
appointed by
  chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 
acting
  accordance with the recommendation of an independent 
commission
  osed of local judges, persons from the legal profession and 
other
  ent persons. Judges shall be chosen by reference to their 
judicial
  ities and may be recruited from other common law 
jurisdictions. A
  e may only be removed for inability to discharge the functions
of his
  ce, or for misbehaviour, by the chief executive of the 
Hong Kong
  ial Administrative Region acting in accordance with the
recommendation
  tribunal appointed by the chief judge of the court of final 
appeal,
  isting of not fewer than three local judges. 
Additionally, the
  intment or removal of principal judges (i. e. those of the 
highest
  ) shall be made by the chief executive with the endorsement of 
the
  Kong Special Administrative Region legislature and reported 
to the
  ding Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. 
The
  em of appointment and removal of judicial officers other than 
judges
  l be maintained.
  power of final judgment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region
  l be vested in the court of final appeal in the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region, which may as required invite judges from 
other
  on law jurisdictions to sit on the court of final appeal.
  osecuting authority of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region
  l control criminal prosecutions free from any interference.
  he basis of the system previously operating in Hong Kong, the 
Hong
  Special Administrative Region Government shall on its 
own make
  ision for local lawyers and lawyers from outside the Hong Kong
Special
  nistrative Region to work and practise in the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region.
  Central People's Government shall assist or authorise the Hong 
Kong
  ial Administrative Region Government to make appropriate 
arrangements
  reciprocal juridical assistance with foreign states.
  
  
  r the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region,
  ic servants previously serving in Hong Kong in all 
government
  rtment, including the police department, and members of the 
judiciary
  all remain in employment and continue their service 
with pay,
  wances, benefits and conditions of service no less 
favourable than
  re. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government 
shall pay
  uch persons who retire or complete their contracts, as well 
as to
  e who have retired before 1 July 1997, or to their dependants, 
all
  ions, gratuities, allowances and benefits due to them on terms
no less
  urable than before, and irrespective of their nationality or
place of
  dence.
  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may employ 
British
  other foreign nationals previously serving in the public 
service in
  Kong, and may recruit British and other foreign nationals 
holding
  anent identity cards of the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region to
  e as public servants at all levels, except as heads 
of major
  rnment departments (corresponding to branches or 
departments at
  etary level) including the police department, and as deputy 
heads of
  of those departments. The Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region
  rnment may also employ British and other foreign nationals as
advisers
  overnment departments and, when there is a need, may recruit
qualified
  idates from outside the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region to
  essional and technical posts in government departments, 
The above
  l be employed only in their individual capacities and, like 
other
  ic servants, shall be responsible to the  Hong  Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region Government.
  appointment and promotion of public servants shall be on the basis 
of
  ifications, experience and ability. Hong Kong's previous 
system of
  uitment, employment, assessment, discipline, training and 
management
  the public service (including special bodies for appointment, pay 
and
  itions of service) shall, save for any provisions providing
privileged
  tment for foreign nationals, be maintained.
  
  
  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall deal on its own 
with
  ncial matters, including disposing of its financial 
resources and
  ing up its budgets and its final accounts. The Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region shall report its budgets and final accounts to 
the
  ral People's Government for the record.  The Central 
People's
  rnment shall not levy taxes on the Hong Kong Special 
Administrative
  on. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall 
use its
  ncial revenues exclusively for its own purposes and they shall
not be

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