我国当前社会治安形势比较复杂,黑恶势力犯罪比较活跃，司法机关对此一直保持着“打黑除恶”的高压态势。对黑社会性质的组织犯罪，我国法律和相关司法解释都有明确规定，而有些恶势力没形成稳定的犯罪组织、没有经济实力和保护伞、也未有组织地进行犯罪活动，却常常称霸一方、横行乡里、扰乱社会、欺压民众，造成一定的社会恐惧感。这种行为倘若只是一般的寻衅滋事、讹人钱财、聚众斗殴，或更多的是使用威胁、滋扰等手段，通常不构成犯罪，司法机关最多只能罚款、拘留，屡教不改的，可予以劳动教养。然而这类行为对经济社会发展秩序的扰乱，对民众造成的恐惧感却远比一次构成犯罪的故意伤害案严重得多。即使构成犯罪，仅以其实际参与的犯罪行为按强迫交易、敲诈勒索、寻衅滋事等罪名定罪处理，也确实存在刑法调整在力度上、量度上和评价上的欠缺，不利于“打黑除恶”的深入开展。

笔者认为，我们不能仅把“打黑”当做手段，把“除恶”当成目的，因为从我国当前治安形势来看，真正能够构成黑社会性质有组织犯罪的比例并不高，绝大多数为恶势力的有组织犯罪，但由于刑法对恶势力有组织犯罪缺乏专门的规定，使刑法在调整这类犯罪时以一般有组织犯罪予以相待，而凸显出失准性和缺力性。建议刑法增设“恶势力组织犯罪”罪名，使“打黑”与“除恶”成为司法机关惩处黑恶势力的两把利剑。

什么是“恶势力组织”？它通常指以暴力、威胁、滋扰等手段，在一定区域内或行业内多次实施违法犯罪活动，严重扰乱经济、社会生活秩序，造成恶劣影响的犯罪组织。根据现行的学理解释，“恶势力”应当同时具备以下四个特征：一是具有一定的组织形式，人数较多（一般为3人或3人以上），有相对明确的组织者或首要分子，骨干成员基本固定；二是在一定区域或行业内，多次（一般为5起或5起以上）以暴力、威胁、滋扰等手段，有组织地实施敲诈勒索、强迫交易、聚众斗殴、寻衅滋事、故意伤害等违法犯罪活动，具有一定的公开性和暴力性；三是严重扰乱一定区域或行业的经济、社会生活秩序，造成恶劣的社会影响；四是一般无合法经济来源，经济实力较弱，没有大的经济实体，保护伞和关系网不明确，或层次较低。显然，将当前那些欺行霸市、严重危害人民群众生命、财产安全、社会秩序的犯罪团伙定为“恶势力组织”进行定罪处理更为妥当。

黑社会性质组织犯罪在我国刑法中已有明确规定，那么恶势力组织犯罪怎样定罪处理，这可从几个比较接近的罪名进行区分：

1.恶势力组织犯罪与寻衅滋事、强迫交易和敲诈勒索犯罪的异同：共同之处是都使用暴力或以暴力相威胁实施犯罪行为；不同之处在于寻衅滋事、强迫交易和敲诈勒索都是个案犯罪，同时触犯几个罪名的，按数罪并罚处理，可以说恶势力组织犯罪是寻衅滋事、强迫交易和敲诈勒索犯罪常态化的较高阶段。

2.恶势力组织犯罪与团伙犯罪的异同：共同之处是都多人共同实施犯罪行为；不同之处是恶势力犯罪一定使用暴力或以暴力相威胁，团伙犯罪不一定使用暴力或以暴力相威胁，如盗窃团伙、组织卖淫团伙等。

3.恶势力组织犯罪与黑社会性质组织犯罪的异同：“黑”必涉“恶”，但“恶”不一定有“黑”。前文对这两类犯罪的特征已作了论述，因我国在总体上黑恶势力还没有发展成为真正意义上的黑社会，可以说当前黑社会性质组织犯罪是恶势力犯罪或其他有组织犯罪的最高阶段。

综上所述，恶势力组织犯罪对一定区域的经济建设和百姓生活秩序具有相当的危害性，给人民群众在精神上、心理上造成恐怖，只是因为恶势力有组织犯罪在现行刑法中缺乏专门的规定，使那些组织者和领导者及其参加者未能像“组织参加黑社会性质组织”那样受到应有的惩处。因此，从司法实践来讲，对于这种恶势力的打击需要在刑法上予以明确。这样，在“打黑除恶”的斗争中，就能够充分凸显和提高刑法对这种犯罪调整的准确性和威慑性，从而分化瓦解这种邪恶势力的凝聚，避免向黑社会性质组织犯罪方面进化。从综合治理的意义上来看，有必要在刑法中增设“恶势力组织犯罪”的专门性条文。

（作者单位：河南省温县人民法院）
建设部 对外贸易经济合作部


中华人民共和国建设部
中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部
令

第114号


《外商投资建设工程设计企业管理规定》已经2002年9月9日建设部第63次常务会议和2002年9月17日对外贸易经济合作部第10次部长办公会议审议通过，现予发布，自2002年12月1日起施行。



建设部部长 汪光焘
对外贸易经济合作部部长 石广生
二○○二年九月二十七日



外商投资建设工程设计企业管理规定


第一条 为进一步扩大对外开放,规范对外商投资建设工程设计企业的管理,根据《中华人民共和国建筑法》、《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国中外合作经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国外资企业法》、《建设工程质量管理条例》、《建设工程勘察设计管理条例》等法律、行政法规,制定本规定。

第二条 在中华人民共和国境内设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,申请建设工程设计企业资质,实施对外商投资建设工程设计企业监督管理,适用本规定。

本规定所称外商投资建设工程设计企业,是指根据中国法律、法规的规定,在中华人民共和国境内投资设立的外资建设工程设计企业、中外合资经营建设工程设计企业以及中外合作经营建设工程设计企业。

第三条 外国投资者在中华人民共和国境内设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,并从事建设工程设计活动,应当依法取得对外贸易经济行政主管部门颁发的外商投资企业批准证书,在国家工商行政管理总局或者其授权的地方工商行政管理局注册登记,并取得建设行政主管部门颁发的建设工程设计企业资质证书。

第四条 外商投资建设工程设计企业在中华人民共和国境内从事建设工程设计活动,应当遵守中国的法律、法规、规章。

外商投资建设工程设计企业在中华人民共和国境内的合法经营活动及合法权益受中国法律、法规、规章的保护。

第五条 国务院对外贸易经济合作行政主管部门负责外商投资建设工程设计企业设立的管理工作；国务院建设行政主管部门负责外商投资建设工程设计企业资质的管理工作。

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门在授权范围内负责外商投资建设工程设计企业设立的管理工作；省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门按照本规定负责本行政区域内的外商投资建设工程设计企业资质的管理工作。

第六条 外商投资建设工程设计企业设立与资质的申请和审批,实行分级、分类管理。

申请设立建筑工程设计甲级资质及其他建设工程设计甲、乙级资质外商投资建设工程设计企业的,其设立由国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门审批,其资质由国务院建设行政主管部门审批；申请设立建筑工程设乙级资质、其他建设工程设计丙级及以下等级资质外商投资建设工程设计企业的,其设立由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门审批,其资质由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门审批。

第七条 设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,申请建筑工程设计甲级资质及其他建设工程设计甲、乙级资质的程序：

(一)申请者向拟设立企业所在地的省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门提出设立申请。

(二)省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门在受理申请之日起30日内完成初审；初审同意后,报国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门。

(三)国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门在收到初审材料之日起10日内将申请材料送国务院建设行政主管部门征求意见。国务院建设行政主管部门在收到征求意见函之日起30日内提出意见。国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门在收到国务院建设行政主管部门书面意见之日起30日内作出批准或者不批准的书面决定。予以批准的,发给外商投资企业批准证书；不予批准的,书面说明理由。

(四)取得外商投资企业批准证书的,应当在30日内到登记主管机关办理企业登记注册。

(五)取得企业法人营业执照后,申请建设工程设计企业资质的,按照建设工程设计企业资质管理规定办理。

第八条 设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,申请建筑工程乙级资质和其他建设工程设计丙级及以下等级资质的程序,由各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门和对外贸易经济行政主管部门,结合本地区实际情况,参照本规定第七条以及建设工程设计企业资质管理规定执行。

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门审批的外商投资建设工程设计企业资质,应当在批准之日起30日内报国务院建设行政主管部门备案。

第九条 外商投资建设工程设计企业申请晋升资质等级或者申请增加其他建设工程设计企业资质,应当依照有关规定到建设行政主管部门办理相关手续。

第十条 申请设立外商投资建设工程设计企业应当向对外贸易经济行政主管部门提交下列资料：

(一)投资方法定代表人签署的外商投资建设工程设计企业设立申请书；

(二)投资方编制或者认可的可行性研究报告；

(三)投资方法定代表人签署的外商投资建设工程设计企业合同和章程(其中,设立外资建设工程设计企业只需提供章程)；

(四)企业名称预先核准通知书；

(五)投资方所在国或者地区从事建设工程设计的企业注册登记证明、银行资信证明；

(六)投资方拟派出的董事长、董事会成员、经理、程技术负责人等任职文件及证明文件；

(七)经注册会计师或者会计师事务所审计的投资方最近三年的资产负债表和损益表。

第十一条 申请外商投资建设工程设计企业资质应当向建设行政主管部门提交下列资料：

(一)外商投资建设工程设计企业资质申报表；

(二)外商投资企业批准证书；

(三)企业法人营业执照；

(四)外方投资者所在国或者地区从事建设工程设计的企业注册登记证明、银行资信证明；

(五)外国服务提供者所在国或者地区的个人执业资格证明以及由所在国或者地区政府主管部门或者行业学会、协会、公证机构出具的个人、企业建设工程设计业绩、信誉证明；

(六)建设工程设计企业资质管理规定要求提供的其他资料。

第十二条 本规定中要求申请者提交的资料应当使用中文,证明文件原件是外文的,应当提供中文译本。

第十三条 外商投资建设工程设计企业的外方投资者及外国服务提供者应当是在其本国从事建设工程设计的企业或者注册建筑师、注册工程师。

第十四条 中外合资经营建设工程设计企业、中外合作经营建设工程设计企业中方合营者的出资总额不得低于注册资本的2596。

第十五条 外商投资建设工程设计企业申请建设工程设计企业资质,应当符合建设工程设计企业资质分级标准要求的条件。

外资建设工程设计企业申请建设工程设计企业资质,其取得中国注册建筑师、注册工程师资格的外国服务提供者人数应当各不少于资质分级标准规定的注册执业人员总数的1/4;具有相关专业设计经历的外国服务提供者人数应当不少于资质分级标准规定的技术骨干总人数的1/4。

中外合资经营、中外合作经营建设工程设计企业申请建设工程设计企业资质,其取得中国注册建筑师、注册工程师资格的外国服务提供者人数应当各不少于资质分级标准规定的注册执业人员总数的1/8;具有相关专业设计经历的外国服务提供者人数应当不少于资质分级标准规定的技术骨干总人数的1/8。

第十六条 外商投资建设工程设计企业中,外国服务提供者在中国注册的建筑师、工程师及技术骨干,每人每年在中华人民共和国境内累计居住时间应当不少于6个月。

第十七条 外商投资建设工程设计企业在中国境内从事建设工程设计活动,违反《中华人民共和国建筑法机《建设工程质量管理条例》、《建设工程勘察设计管理条例》、《建设工程勘察设计企业资质管理规定》等有关法律、法规、规章的,依照有关规定处罚。

第十八条 香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区的投资者在其他省、自治区、直辖市内投资设立建设工程设计企业,从事建设工程设计活动,参照本规定执行。法律、法规、国务院另有规定的除外。

第十九条 受理设立外资建设工程设计企业申请的时间由国务院建设行政主管部门和国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门决定。

第二十条 本规定由国务院建设行政主管部门和国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门按照各自职责负责解释。

第二十一条 本规定自2002年12月1日起施行,《成立中外合营工程设计机构审批管理规定》(建设〔1992〕180号)同时废止。

Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Construction and Engineering Design Enterprises



The Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China


Decree No. 114


Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Construction and Engineering Design Enterprises approved respectively at the 63rd Executive Meeting of the Ministry of Construction on 9 September 2002 and at the 10th Ministerial Meeting of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation on 17 September 2002 are now issued and shall come into force on 1 December 2002.




Minister of the Ministry of Construction: Wang Guangtao
Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation: Shi Guangsheng


27 September 2002


　

Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Construction and Engineering Design Enterprises


Article 1 These Regulations hereof are formulated in order to further the opening up to the outside and standardise the administration of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises in accordance with such laws and regulations as the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises, the Regulations on Administration of Construction Engineering Quality and the Regulations on Administration of Reconnoitring and Designing of Construction Projects.


Article 2 These Regulations shall apply to the establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, the application for construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications and the administration and supervision of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises.


The term ‘foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise’ mentioned in these Regulations refers to a wholly foreign-owned construction and engineering design enterprise, or a Sino-foreign equity construction and engineering design joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperatively construction and engineering design enterprise established within the territory of the People’s Republic of China in accordance with Chinese laws and regulations.


Article 3 A foreign investor, which intends to establish a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise within the territory of the People’s Republic of China and carry out construction and engineering design business shall, in accordance with laws, obtain the foreign-invested enterprise approval certificate from the relevant foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department and register with the State Administration of Industry and Commerce or its authorised administration of industry and commerce at local levels, and also obtain the qualification certificate of construction and engineering design enterprise from the relevant construction administration department.


Article 4 Foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises shall abide by the laws, regulations and rules of the People’s Republic of China when carrying out construction and engineering design activities within the territory of the People’s Republic of China.


The lawful operation of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises and their legal rights and interests within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall be protected by Chinese laws, regulations and rules.


Article 5 The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for the administration of establishing foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises. The construction administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for the administration of the qualifications of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises.


The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration departments of the people’s government of provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall be responsible for the administration of establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises within their authorized jurisdiction ; the construction administration departments of the people’s government of provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall, in accordance with these regulations, be responsible for the administration of the qualifications of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises within their administrative region.


Article 6 The application for and the examination and approval of the establishment of a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise and the qualifications shall be managed by a grading and categorization system.


Where an applicant is to apply for Grade A qualifications for construction and engineering design or other Grade A or Grade B qualifications for construction and engineering design, the establishment of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall be examined and approved by the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council and its qualifications shall be examined and approved by the construction administration department of the State Council. Where an applicant is to apply for Grade B qualifications for construction and engineering design or other Grade C or lower qualifications for construction and engineering design, the establishment of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall be examined and approved by the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality and its qualifications shall be examined and approved by the construction administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality.


Article 7 The procedures for the establishment of a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise and the application for construction and engineering design qualifications or other Grade A or B engineering design qualifications shall be:


(1) The applicant shall submit an application to the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality where the proposed foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise is to be established.


(2) The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, or the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality shall complete the preliminary examination within 30 days of receiving the application, and shall, if it grants the preliminary approval, submit the application to the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council for further approval.


(3) Within 10 days of receiving the application for further approval, the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall forward the application to the construction administrative department of the State Council for review and comments. The construction administration department of the State Council shall provide its opinion in writing within 30 days of receiving the request. Within 30 days of receiving the response, the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall decide whether or not to approve the application and express such a decision in written form. If the application is approved, a foreign-invested enterprise certificate shall be granted; if the application is not approved, reasons for the disapproval shall be given in written form.


(4) Within 30 days of receiving the approval certificate, the applicant shall carry out enterprise registration with the relevant registration department.


(5) After obtaining business license for the legal entity, if the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise is to apply for the construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications, the application shall be carried out in accordance with the Regulations on Administration of Construction and Engineering Design Enterprise Qualifications.


Article 8 The procedures for the establishment of a construction and engineering design enterprise and the application for Grade B qualifications and Grade C or lower qualifications for engineering design shall be administered by the construction administration department and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, or the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality based on local conditions with reference to Article 7 of these Regulations and Regulations on Administration of Construction and Engineering Design Enterprise Qualifications.


Examination and approval of the qualifications of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises by the construction administration departments of the People’s government of provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall be put on file with the construction administration department of the State Council within 30 days after the approval is given.


Article 9 The application by a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise to upgrade its qualifications or to add additional engineering qualifications shall be made to the relevant construction administration department in accordance with relevant regulations.


Article 10 An applicant which intends to establish a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall submit the following documents to the relevant foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department:


(1) Application forms to establish a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise signed by the investor’s legal representative;


(2) The feasibility study report prepared or accepted by the investor;


(3) The contract for establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise and the articles of association signed by the investor’s legal representative (only the the articles of association are required for the establishment of a wholly foreign-owned construction and engineering design enterprise);


(4) The notification of pre-verification of the name of the enterprise;


(5) Documentary evidence of legal entity registration of the investor to carry out construction and engineering design in its home country or region and its bank credential letter;


(6) Appointment letters and documentary evidence of the investor’s designated chairman and members of the board of directors, managers and technical managers etc.; and


(7) Balance sheets and profit and loss accounts of the investor over the past three years audited by a certified accountant or an accounting firm.


Article 11 The applicant applying for foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications shall submit the following documents to the relevant construction administration department:


(1) Application forms for the qualifications for a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise;


(2) The approval certificate for the establishment of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise;


(3) The business license for the legal entity;


(4) Documentary evidence of legal entity registration of the investor to carry out construction and engineering design in its home country or region and its bank credential letter;


(5) Professional qualification certificate issued by his home country or region and the individual or enterprise construction and engineering design track record and documentary evidence of its reputation issued by the relevant governmental department or professional institution, association or notary public; and


(6) Other documents as required by Regulations on Administration of Construction and Engineering Design Enterprise Qualifications.


Article 12 All materials required to be submitted by an applicant under these Regulations shall be in Chinese. If the original documentary evidence is in a foreign language, a Chinese translation shall be provided.


Article 13 The foreign investor or the foreign service provider of a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall be an enterprise engaged in construction and engineering design or a certified architect or a certified engineer in his or her home country.


Article 14 The total capital contribution of the Chinese party to a Sin-foreign equity construction and engineering design joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperatively construction and engineering design joint venture shall not be less than 25% of the registered capital.


Article 15 The criteria of grading of qualifications of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises shall be in accordance with the requirements of grading of qualifications of construction and engineering design enterprise issued by the construction administration department of the State Council.


Where a wholly foreign-owned construction and engineering design enterprise applies for the construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications, its foreign service providers who have been qualified as certified architects or certified engineers in China shall not be less than 1/4 of the total certified professionals required under the qualification grading criteria, and the foreign service providers who have the relevant design experience shall not be less than 1/4 of the total key technical personnel required under the qualification grading criteria.


Where a Sin-foreign equity construction and engineering design joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperatively managed construction and engineering design enterprise applies for the construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications, its foreign service providers who have been qualified as certified architects or certified engineers in China shall not be less than 1/8 of the total registered professionals required under the qualification grading criteria, and its foreign service providers who have the relevant design experience shall not be less than 1/8 of the total key technical staff required under the qualification grading criteria.


Article 16 Each of the architects and engineers certified in China and the key technical personnel of the foreign service provider in a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall reside within the territory of the People’s Republic of China for no less than a cumulative period of 6 months each year.


Article 17 Where a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise carrying out construction and engineering design activities within the territory of the People’s Republic of China violates the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China, Regulations on Administration of Construction Engineering Quality, Regulations on Administration of Prospecting and Designing of Construction Projects and Regulations on Administration of Construction Engineering Prospecting Design Enterprise Qualifications and other relevant laws, regulations and rules, it shall be penalized in accordance with relevant provisions.


Article 18 Investors from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan shall establish construction and engineering design enterprises and carry out businesses in other provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities in accordance with these Regulations, unless it is otherwise provided by laws, regulations and the State Council.


Article 19 The timing for accepting and processing the application for establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises shall be determined by the construction administration department of the State Council and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council.


Article 20 The construction administration department of the State Council and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for interpreting these Regulations in accordance with their functions.


Article 21 These Regulations shall go into force on 1 December 2002. Regulations on Administration of Establishment of Sino-Foreign Project Design Joint Venture (File No. 180, 1992) shall be repealed at the same time.